The Problem of Pain Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The Problem of Pain - Assignment Example Additionally, I employed cognitive behavior therapy. Through the therapy, I often busied my mind with other unrelated psychological activities and avoided discussion of the accident. This way, my mind avoided the pain thereby lessening the intensity (Main, Sullivan & Watson, 2008). A different culture would have approached the pain management differently. I remember my father encouraging me not to cry since male children should not always cry. Apparently, my culture viewed crying as a sign of weakness and men are not weak. I believe the effects of the pain could have been different if it were on my sister. She is younger than me, is a girl and often engages in numerous house chores alongside my mother. I believe she could have cried longer and could have found it difficult to engage her mind on other phenomena besides the traumatizing pain a feature that could have limited the success of cognitive behavior therapy (Hughes, 2008). Main, C. J., Sullivan, M. J. L., & Watson, P. J. (2008).  Pain management: Practical applications of the biopsychosocial perspective in clinical and occupational settings. Edinburgh: Churchill

The Ruined Maid in the Novel Essay Example for Free

The Ruined Maid in the Novel Essay For dreariness nothing could surpass a prospect in the outskirts of a certain town and military station, many miles north of Weatherbury, at a later hour on this same snowy evening if that may be called a prospect of which the chief constituent was darkness Both appearances of Fanny Robin have been undercover of night and in darkness which suggests that she has such an element of tragedy about her, she cannot be seen in the light which usually signifies positivity and purity; she has been ruined by something unknown to the reader at the present time. The bell was in the open air, and being overlaid with several inches of muffling snow had lost its voice for the time. The bell represents Fanny Robins and it being in the open air illustrates her vulnerability. Hardy then goes on to reveal that it was overlaid with several inches of muffling snow which signifies Fannys increasing insignificance and decreasing strength as a bell is usually something clearly heard but now it almost cannot be heard at all. It shows how her fate is out of her control just as the weather affecting the bell is unpredictable and uncontrollable. In this chapter Fanny Robin is shown not out of place with her destitute surroundings, even trying to become part of it as her stature is stooped as if she is trying to be as unnoticed as possible. Hardy aids this by again not revealing her identity but by referring to her as a mere form and spot that only seemed human. The throw was the idea of a man conjoined with the execution of a woman. No man who had ever seen bird, rabbit, or squirrel in his childhood, could possibly have thrown with such utter imbecility as was shown here. Here hardy makes it clear that Fanny has lost all notion of what a respectable woman would do as her actions of throwing snow at Sergeant Troys window is likened to that of a mans. However, she still conforms to what would be expected if a woman were to do so by Hardys sexist notion that her throw showed such utter imbecility the blurred spot could not possibly be a man, also signifying her physical weakness. Fannys identity is not even recognised by her lover Troy as he asks What girl are you? which backs up the reputation of a soldier in which one is not entirely devoted to only one woman at a time. The dialogue to follow shows their complete opposite affections for one another; Troy shows how undependable he is and that he does not return the same love for Fanny as she does for him, or even treat it seriously at all. Their difference in character and position in the relationship is demonstrated by hardys use of similes likening both to the setting around them; Fanny being so much like a mere shade upon the earth shows how she is part of an unpredictable and vulnerable substance which is at the mercy of Troy being so much a part of the building signifying his strength in the relationship and knowledge that he can take advantage of Fannys vulnerable state. They are likened so much to these inanimate objects that One would have said the wall was holding a conversation with the snow. Due to her naivety towards Troys true nature, Fanny then asks the question of when they shall be married; a preposterous action of a woman of that period. However, their marriage is thwarted by an explainable misunderstanding and it is not surprising that Troy uses this as an excuse to break off all relations with Fanny leaving her alone and deeper in the poverty for which he is responsible for. Fanny is now truly a ruined maid as both pregnant and unmarried she has no place in any respectable society and so we as the reader are made to feel sympathy and pity for her through Hardys description of the pathos of her circumstance. Page 230 marks a change in Troys nature as he imparts that Fanny has long ago left me I have searched for her everywhere almost suggesting that he regrets his previous actions towards her. In chapter 29 Troy, newly married to Bathsheba, comes across a woman of extreme poverty and sadness of face; undeniably Fanny. This section of the novel evidences Troys altered emotions towards Fanny as he offers her money and agrees to meet her in two days time. Troy also protects her identity to Bathsheba though for whose benefit it is unclear. Chapter 40 marks the start of the quick ultimate downfall of Fanny in contrast to before as we noted her slow demise to ruination over a number of chapters whereas now, when she becomes a significant part of the novel, her end is narrated almost consecutively without much interval. Her extraordinarily strenuous walk to Casterbridge marks the last journey she will take. We are still not told directly that it is Fanny Robin as Hardy still masks her identity and describes her only as the woman but it is easy enough to assume. Her undeniable perseverance shows that she is still naively at the mercy of Troy and his actions towards her have made no real emotional impact on her, even after such a long time. Hardy again uses pathetic fallacy much like in chapter 11 by describing the sky to set the tone in which Fanny is then presented. When the woman awoke it was to find herself in the depths of a moonless and starless night. A heavy unbroken crust of cloud stretched across the sky, shutting out every speck of heaven. Fanny again finds herself in darkness, a recurring theme in the novel although the fact that it is moonless and starless and the cloud is shutting out every speck of heaven sets a more formidable mood than ever associated with Fanny as any possible positive aspect is gone; Hardy again prepares the reader for the dire events to come. When Fanny no longer has the strength to carry herself she leans on a dog which proves ironic that she does not receive any human aid. The dog is extremely significant as it illustrates Fannys final fall in both social status and ruination and she now finds comfort and reassurance from an animal; much like when Gabriel likens himself to his sheepdog in the early chapters marking his own drop in social status. It is then revealed that a man has stoned away the dog symbolising mans attitude towards Fanny as it was a man who reduced her to poverty, left her ruined and then chased away the dog; the only thing that has ever shown her true kindness and compassion. Fanny never makes it to Casterbridge but tragically dies whilst having Troys child in the poor house. Her death is extremely significant and marks her complete transformation into a ruined maid; she dies whilst having an illegitimate child unknown to the father who left her poverty stricken in a world where she is insignificant and alone. Her death also has an almost domino effect as Hardys theme of chance and fate spreads Fannys tragic end onto the other characters leading to the ruination of Bathsheba and Troys marriage. The truth is revealed about Fanny and her child and the blame is not placed on her but on Troy, the sole villain that ruined her. Fannys utterly pitiful situation invokes the sympathy of even hard-headed Bathsheba; showing the intensity of her ruination. Throughout Far From the Madding Crowd, the meetings with Fanny Robin illustrate what happens to a person who unnoticeably falls through the crevices in society, who is neglected and transparent to humanity and so lives a brief life of poverty, ending in tragedy. Hardy uses a constant isolated and distant tone, never directly identifying her, when describing Fanny, portraying the scarcity of attention she receives from others. Due to this it is clear that her ultimate ruination was inevitable from the start.

Essay --

pH is usually referred to test out or find the measure of a concentration of hydrogen ions. pH is used to measure whether the solution if it is a base or an acid. The term pH stands for power of hydrogen. Usually there is a scale for measuring pH, Solution with a 7 or below is consider an acidic solution, but an pH greater than 7 is consider a base solution, and 7 is a neutral solution. The pH scale is a set of solution standards whose pH is established by the international system. Most of the times pH can be measured through concentration cells which measure the differences between hydrogen electrodes. Finding the pH for solution can be done in various ways such as a pH meter or glass electrode. White vinegar can also be some sort of fluid composed mainly involving acetic p in addition to drinking water. The actual acetic p will be made because of the fermentation involving booze simply by acetic p germs. White vinegar will be currently mainly utilized as a change involving express element, although in the past, on account of this primarily basically on the market delicate p, it acquired a considerable model of manufacturing, health-related, in addition to household uses, selection of that location unit even now endorsed these days. Small business white vinegar will be made possibly simply by rapid as well as slow fermentation functions. In general, slow ways that they location unit in combination with old vinegars in addition to fermentation matter gradually over weeks or possibly a season. The actual extended fermentation amount permits for your buildup of the nontoxic slime made up of acetic p germs. rapid ways that they add mother involving white vinegar on the availabi lity fluid just before adding atmosphere utilizing a en... ...inging about hyperbolic runoff. That runoff drinking water makes this succeeding blend extra acidic. Regarding 50 percent the acidity inside the atmosphere falls to earth through dry deposit. Some kinds can accept acidic waters more than others. polluting of the environment impacts many species ultimately impacts additional through the entire organic phenomenon combined with non-aquatic kinds like parrots. The penalties of smog, combined together with different ecological stressors, depart trees in addition to plants unripe to be able to confront to be able to cold conditions, insects, in addition to illness. The pollutants could on top of that inhibit trees ability to breed. Some soil square gauge higher capable of neutralize acids than others. In areas the spot that the soil streaming capability will be low, this harmful outcomes of smog square gauge plenty added.

Reflective Log: Post Modernity

Through the lecture of week 2, I understood the definition of post modernity. It is defined that ‘Post modernity is a reaction to the advanced alienation of late capitalism tempt to restore some meaning to the existential despair over the growing irrationality of modernity’ (Lee, 1992). In addition, I also learned that post modernity has many characteristics which consists of hyper reality, chronology, fragmentation, dedifferentiation, pastiche, anti-foundationalism, reversals of production and consumption, decentering of subject and paradoxical juxtapositions. However, I did not understand what they are and it is really complex to learn initially. After the lecture, I knew them better than before. For example, Disney land theme parks all over the world could be strongly reflected the hyper reality. Personally, Hyperrealism is a symptom of postmodern culture. Hyper reality does not â€Å"exist† or â€Å"not exist. It is simply a way of describing the information to which the consciousness is subject. I good understand about this feature. Furthermore, take ‘Hui Li’ Sneakers in China as a good example. This brand sneaker is popular in 1990s, and goes out of the market for nearly 20 years, but it is popular on the market up again as the symbol of the main trend. Moreover, pastiche as a feature in post modernity was reflected interestingly. For example, in the post modern society, those creative people are not rigidly adhere to old things and want to use modern elements on the basis of the original classics. A famous oil painting of ‘The Last Supper’ by Leonardo da Vinci was recreated in a new interesting style. I have understood three features of hyper reality, chronology and pastiche very well. Nevertheless, the rest features are not so well understanding about them, and I will continually learn them step by step.

The human mind is a delicate thing

The human mind is a delicate thing. At times it can create such wonderful ideas: beautiful art, drama and works of fiction; scientific tools to enrich our lives. Yet it has a dark side, a side people prefer to keep hidden. However there are events which can bring this to the surface; My name is John Frederson; this is my tale†¦ It was about ten years ago now, I was at the height of my childhood and life was wonderful. My parents were wealthy aristocrats who owned a vast estate, one that easily spanned the length of three football pitches; it was like our own private country. The garden brimmed with greenery; there were shrubs and trees everywhere, enhanced by the beautiful roses, tulips and foxgloves creating a living rainbow. If you listened close enough I'm sure the flowers sang along with the chorus instigated by the angelic doves and nightingales; the heavenly tune was comparable to that of any church choir. Now the house, or I should say mansion, we lived in was not as magical as the garden, just a large house, not quite a mansion. There were everyday appliances and creaky floorboards which added to the character of the abode; it was almost like a grandfather to me, providing comforting warmth and security. But that was nothing compared the loving embrace of my parents. Both of them hard working, hones t people: they cleaned the house, tended the gardens and cooked the meals all themselves, they didn't believe in maids or butlers. I loved them more than anything in this world, and thanks to my home tutoring; they were the only friends I had. Then one day it happened. â€Å"Miles! Come here my boy!† my father called to me, so at once I hurried over as fast as I could (he was not a man you kept waiting). â€Å"Yes daddy what do you need?† â€Å"Well your mother is away in the car so perhaps you could cycle down to the store and fetch a jar of coffee and pint of milk for me?† I wasn't sure whether that manner of speaking was put on or if he really did speak so exaggeratedly. But I quickly dispelled these thoughts and sauntered off down the country road to the local supermarket. Looking back, I realise that I was very lucky father sent me out that day. I can't help but wonder, did he know what would happen? I returned to the living room to find my mother and father had been murdered, slaughtered mercilessly by something not human; no one but a demon could commit such an atrocity. Their bodies were sliced up, chopped like vegetables, their heads no longer attached; this was instead all displayed upon our finest dinner service, the heads retaining their tragic expressions of fear. As if that wasn't enough, the neurotic bastard had also drawn, in blood, a gigantic, smiling face across the wall. I honestly didn't know how to react. I kept a tight hold of the plastic handle of the bag. My hand was ripe with sweat. My eyes gazed, unblinking, upon the scene. I look back now and wonder why I didn't shed any tears then. Maybe my emotions were so mixed. Feelings of anger. Feelings of sorrow. All of them trying to claw their way to the surface but in vain. I didn't express what I felt. In truth I didn't know how to. My head was doing somersaults and there was little I could do. I just remained in the doorway, gripping the bag, all the while glaring at the gruesome scene. I regained control of my body and at once proceeded to inspect the atrocious face. Before I could get close enough, crash! The mirror above the mantelpiece fell to the floor shattering into a million fragments. Days, months and years passed yet I retained my youth. The house did not; it was still standing, but withered and decayed. I still showed no sign of expression. The feelings were getting stronger; I felt myself becoming unstable. â€Å"No! I am not going insane!† I said to myself over and over at the time, ironic really. â€Å"The important thing is to get help. Then everything will be better, much better.† Speaking aloud was one of the few comforts I enjoyed. But where could I get help? â€Å"The police think I'm dead; I can't let them to know I'm alive. All my hard work would have been for nothing if that were the case. After-all, a dead boy cannot kill†¦Ã¢â‚¬  I was proud of having such a wonderful idea, father was proud too. Since I was declared dead in absentia I was no longer a person. As far as the law were concerned I was a corpse in the ground. I would be their last possible suspect. â€Å"It's brilliant! Now to hunt my prey and make him suffer for what he's done. Then I'll be all better isn't that right mummy?† Rummaging through dusty furniture and cobwebbed walls I searched for the perfect weapon, brutal yet stylish. Something like†¦ a sword. That would be perfect and deliciously ironic; the killer murdered by the same weapon he used. â€Å"Father did you keep any swords? In the study you say? Oh marvellous!† I skipped to my father's old work room filled with a great sense of anticipation: I would have the key to freeing my mind from these shackles. Once I entered the room there it was, displayed upon the wall in all it's glory, yet the blade was sullied by a deep crimson stain. I took it down and grasped it strongly in my right hand. It felt pleasant, almost warm. It offered protection and redemption, yet also wrought pain and suffering: never was there such a poetic weapon. Smiling manically but happily, I left the house. It was time to have my revenge. Rain. Wet and miserable, it shrouded Belle-View house in a haunting grey mist. â€Å"Doctor Robertson, may I have a word?† Jeanne, the carer, called out. â€Å"Yes? What do you need?† the tall old man replied, his face was covered in a fine fur; he was clinging religiously to the little hair that still occupied his head. â€Å"Patient number 33: John Frederson. He hasn't had any medication for three whole days now and people are starting to become disturbed by his screaming and detestable giggling. Permission to tranquillise him before he hurts himself?† she seemed stressed although she would never admit it. â€Å"Yes†¦ yes go ahead,† he took a deep sigh, â€Å"if only they knew the truth.†

Free Essays on Christian Forefather Of Our Country

As I relaxed upon the couch a few days ago and began to read the freshly printed pages of Catherin Millard’s The Rewriting of America’s History I began to feel as warm and cozy about our countries past and the role Christianity played in it as the freshly printed paper in my hands. It seems Millard set out to find this â€Å"lost chapter† in American history and reported back with all kinds of evidence that pointed towards the profound role Jesus Christ teachings played in the early stages of this country. Catherin starts off by telling an account of how on one of her more recent tours of Washington D.C she conducts, (showing tourist Christian landmarks and background in the capital) many in the group were in a kind of awe about what she was showing to them. It seemed like these new revelations had gone against everything these people had been previously taught or conceived to be the truth. Millard then states that because of this all too common thought-pattern among Americans citizens she is taking up writing this piece in hopes that readers will rediscover their deeply rooted Christian heritage in this country and throw out the falsehoods and stories they had been taught up to this point. I did find one point particularly interesting Catherine touched upon. She raised the question of why when talking about our early beginnings do when spend so little time (this class being the exception) discussing things pertaining to the founding period of our country. We read about every battle that took place during the Civil war and all the events that led up to and followed it. This, of course, was arguably the biggest event in our young countries history because of the many effects but what about how our country was started though? Yes, we read about the making of the Declaration of Independence and the Bill of Rights but do we know as much about the beginning of our nation as we do about Civil War times? Why is that? I guess ma... Free Essays on Christian Forefather Of Our Country Free Essays on Christian Forefather Of Our Country As I relaxed upon the couch a few days ago and began to read the freshly printed pages of Catherin Millard’s The Rewriting of America’s History I began to feel as warm and cozy about our countries past and the role Christianity played in it as the freshly printed paper in my hands. It seems Millard set out to find this â€Å"lost chapter† in American history and reported back with all kinds of evidence that pointed towards the profound role Jesus Christ teachings played in the early stages of this country. Catherin starts off by telling an account of how on one of her more recent tours of Washington D.C she conducts, (showing tourist Christian landmarks and background in the capital) many in the group were in a kind of awe about what she was showing to them. It seemed like these new revelations had gone against everything these people had been previously taught or conceived to be the truth. Millard then states that because of this all too common thought-pattern among Americans citizens she is taking up writing this piece in hopes that readers will rediscover their deeply rooted Christian heritage in this country and throw out the falsehoods and stories they had been taught up to this point. I did find one point particularly interesting Catherine touched upon. She raised the question of why when talking about our early beginnings do when spend so little time (this class being the exception) discussing things pertaining to the founding period of our country. We read about every battle that took place during the Civil war and all the events that led up to and followed it. This, of course, was arguably the biggest event in our young countries history because of the many effects but what about how our country was started though? Yes, we read about the making of the Declaration of Independence and the Bill of Rights but do we know as much about the beginning of our nation as we do about Civil War times? Why is that? I guess ma...

Pre-scientific period Essays - Ancient Greek Philosophers

Pre-scientific period Essays - Ancient Greek Philosophers In the pre-scientific period the mind was considered as the soul. Primitive people explain phenomena such as sleep, unconsciousness, mental illness, death and so on using the concept of soul. The first scientific understanding of the psyche emerged in the ancient world. They are reflected in the writings of philosophers, doctors, teachers. In the ancient India the concept of the soul is revealed in the texts of the Vedas. Soul is regarded as a substance, which is inherent consciousness, eternity, the ability to work. Potentially soul has knowledge, morality, faith, unlimited energy (power) and infinite bliss. But as the soul is in an imperfect state, it is engaged in inappropriate activities and subject to suffering. Ethical and philosophical positions of the ancient East influenced on the formation of the scientific views of philosophers of ancient Greece and Rome, where the idea of the psyche was formed in the process of consideration of man as part of nature. Democritus argued that the soul is a variety substances formed of atoms of fire and obey general laws. Socrates considered the the soul as a set of mental properties of the individual, which is acting in accordance with the understanding of moral ideals. Plato is the founder of the so-called dualism in psychology, according to which the material and the spiritual, physical and mental are treated as two separate and antagonistic beginnings. According to Aristotle, the soul is an essential beginning of the only organic life, and not the material world at all. The soul can not exist without the body, but is not limited to the body. The soul is not divided into parts, but it appears in different abilities - sensory, motor, mental. Formed as a science, modern psychology examines the facts, laws and mechanisms of mental life of humans and animals based on existing scientific data.

Overview of the Rajput People of India

Overview of the Rajput People of India A Rajput is a member of northern Indias Hindu warrior caste. They live mainly in Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, and Madhya Pradesh. The word Rajput is a contracted form of raja, or monarch, and Putra, meaning son. According to legend, only the first son of a king could inherit the kingdom, so the later sons became military leaders. From these younger sons was born the Rajput warrior caste. The term Rajaputra was first mentioned around 300 B.C., in the Bhagvat Purana. The name gradually evolved to its current shortened form. Origins of the Rajputs The Rajputs were not a separately identified group until the 6th century AD. At that time, the Gupta empire broke up and there were repeated conflicts with the Hephthalites, the White Huns. They may have been absorbed into the existing society, including leaders into the Kshatriya rank. Others from the local tribes also ranked as Rajput. The Rajputs claim descent from three basic lineages or vanshas. Suryavanshi, the Solar Dynasty, descended from Surya, the Hindu Sun-god.Chadravanshi, the Lunar Dynasty descended from Chandra, the Hindu Moon-god. They include major sub-branches of Yaduvanshi (Lord Krisha was born into this branch) and Puruvanshi.Agnivanshi, the Fire Dynasty descended from Agni, the Hindu god of fire. This lineage has four clans: Chauhans, Paramara, Solanki, and Pratiharas. These all are divided into clans who claim direct patrilineal descent from a common male ancestor. These are then divided into sub-clans, shakhas, that have their own genealogical creed, which governs the laws of intermarriage. History of the Rajputs Rajputs ruled many small kingdoms in North India from the beginning of the 7th century. They were an obstacle to the Muslim conquest in North India. While they opposed invasion by the Muslims, they also battled among each other and were loyal to their clan rather than uniting. When the Mughal empire was established, some Rajput rulers were allies and also married their daughters to the emperors for political favor. The Rajputs revolted against the Mughal empire and led to its downfall in the 1680s. In the late 18th century, Rajput rulers formed an alliance with the East India Company. By the time of British influence, Rajputs ruled most of the princely states in Rajasthan and Saurashtra. Rajput soldiers were valued by the British. Purbiya soldiers from the eastern Ganga plains had long been mercenaries for Rajput rulers. The British gave more self-rule to the Rajput princes than to other areas of India. Upon independence from Britain in 1947, the princely states voted for whether to join India, Pakistan or remain independent. Twenty-two princely states joined India as the state of Rajasthan. Rajputs are now a Forward Caste in India, meaning they do not get any preferential treatment under the system of positive discrimination. Culture and Religion of Rajputs While many Rajputs are Hindu, others are Muslim or Sikh. Rajput rulers exhibited religious toleration to a greater or lesser extent. Rajputs generally secluded their women and were seen in older times to practice female infanticide and sati (widow immolation). They are usually not vegetarians and eat pork, as well as drinking alcohol.

Exam 3 Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Exam 3 - Research Paper Example This order faced many challenges with the migration of the African American to from southern to demonstrate against the violation of the order (Richard 78). This order helped the country during the war that emerged later with the African Americans being referred as janitors in the military sector. Civil Rights Act of 1964- In July 2, 1964, this Act got its creation as a landmark piece of civil rights in the United States in order to outlaw the major forms of discrimination against race, color, religion, sex, and women. The act ended the Jim Crow rules upheld by the Supreme Court that held the racial segregation purported as separate but equal and was constitutional. A congress later saw the benefits of the Civil Rights Act and expanded it to strengthen enforcement of the fundamental rights. During the proposed hearings by the Judiciary committee on the proposed legislation led to the amendment of the bill to broaden the scope of protections. These changes strengthen President Kennedy ’s original proposal on the response to the turbulent summer that saw several incidents of racially aggravated hostility across the south. After a continued fight against its approval, the country saw the benefits of the bill that saw the president in that particular time signs it into law. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC)- This federal law enforcement agency enacts laws against workplace discrimination. It encompasses some other laws like the title of the Civil Rights Act 1964, the Equal Pay Act of 1963, which protects men and women who perform equal work in the same founding from sex- based discrimination. It also covers Age Discrimination in Employment of 1967, which protects folks above 40 years of age, or older (Hay 100). The United States Employment Opportunity Commission enforces all the above laws and provides an oversight and harmonization of all equal employment opportunity regulations, practices, and policies. Age Discrimination in Employment Act (ADE A) OF 1967- This protects folks of 40 years of age and above from employment discrimination. This applies both job applicant and employees. According to the law, it is illegal to discriminate any person because of age with respect to any term, condition, privilege of service. This includes hiring, sacking, endorsement, layoff, reimbursement, paybacks, training, and job assignments. It applies to those employers with 20 or more workers including state, local governments, employment agencies, labor organizations, and the federal government. This has helped the government from risks associated with equal considerations in the workplace. Americans with Disabilities Act of 1973- It is a federal law enacted on September 26, 1973 and is known as the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 that replaces the Vocational rehabilitation Act. It covers those individuals with a special history of handicaps or any health complications. Special programs held to pay tribute to people with disabilities prohibits discrimination against any disability in the agencies, in programs receiving Federal Financial assistance, employment among others. This helps value the contribution from those with disabilities. Question 2 Some people remain more fortunate than others in which they remain promoted while others stay at the middle or at the bottom of the positional ladder. This rise in rank

Contemporary management issues(1) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Contemporary management issues(1) - Essay Example 3. Virtue ethics: Virtue ethics appraises the characteristics of the agent and not what should be done (deontology) or the outcome (consequentialism).The approach emphasises that action, within the principles of virtuosity, is ethical if virtue informs the action and leans on a moral evaluation of the performer rather that on the result or the duty considerations. In addition some philosophers have posited different approaches for delineating the ethical from the unethical, these are essentially shades of the above three basic approaches, and not recounted here. This essay looks at Consequentialist and Virtue Ethic approaches and their application in modern business practices using specific reference to the supply chain up to the customer of flowers that are out of season within the United Kingdom. Flowers, grown in all parts of the world, find their way to the auction houses in Holland. Buyers and representatives of large dealers buy the flowers and transport them to their respective countries and from there to the retail outlets. The chain is so organised that the flowers are at the retail outlets within hours of harvest. However, glitches do take place and the flowers may be out of season by the time they reach retail. In addition, stale, and flowers of lower quality sometime spend more time in the auction areas until a buyer picks them up at fractional prices or a decision taken to destroy them. A number of questions of ethics and ethical behaviour arise here from the points of view of the supply chain, the retailer, the customer, and consumer groups. Within the paradigm of consequentialist ethics, according to Williams (1973), confusion exists between goals (the desired/ desirable consequence) and actions, for once a goal is achieved, it becomes the means to the achievement of, or definition of, the next aim or goal. This continuity is bound to carry on as long as we are alive and taking some action. Therefore, the journey

India Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

India - Essay Example The invasion of the Indus Valley by the Aryans after the Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa civilizations led to the foundation of different kingdoms which were later collectively called as ‘Hindus’ known for their skills in pottery, masonry, weaving, carpentry, and trading with foreign countries. Since Indian thinkers managed to develop philosophies ahead of the West, several disciplines to train the mind and body spiritually had been made available like yoga and other systems of principle-driven living which enabled philosophy to contribute to ancient technology in India. Considering that mind, in association to physical strength, plays a vital role in shaping the culture, economy, as well as technology, meditative Indians had also come to the extent of discovering four religions – Hinduism, Buddhism, Sikhism, and Jainism. Having promoted beliefs as karma, vegetarianism, and reincarnation, these religions influenced the old Indians to highly progress in critical thinking thereby affecting their way of life and the means by which they facilitated themselves with tools to effect technological advancements. When the Caste System originated from Hinduism and classified people into severe castes, which discriminated a lower class by the upper class yet placed the society in great order. The resulting social stability made by this system provided another key factor implied through proper allocation of resources in favor of intellectuals upon whom appreciable investments were placed to enhance any scientific endeavors toward application. Further improvements in support of technical growth had been fueled through diversity of India’s literature, being known for its marvelous epics, high inclination to music, art, and architecture. Because these aspects were passionately explored altogether in the hope of seeking more creative possibilities, people had been equally interested on inventing devices that would impact better communication and delivery of

The American Declaration of Independence Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

The American Declaration of Independence - Essay Example The signers concluded that the colonies must then break political ties with the British Crown and become "independent states with full power to levy war, conclude peace, contract alliances, establish commerce" among others and that, representing every colony, they pledge "to stand by the Declaration with their lives, fortunes, and honor." The independence of these American colonies was however recognized by Great Britain only on September 3, 1783, by the Treaty of Paris (Wikipedia 2005). Leading Writers. According to Ingersoll (1856), the literature of American liberties was first edited by written constitutions of Virginia and North Carolina, who first seceded from the union, followed by Massachusetts or other States. As originators working not only for independence but for larger liberties, slave-holders took the lead. "Slave-holders in the undisturbed meditation of plantation life, with frequent transactions in State representations, were the two principal founders of American free government," he said. Ingersoll (1856) further said "every bill of rights and written constitution came first from the slave-holders; every American founder of American liberty had been a slave-holder." American bondman. Frederick Douglass, American bondman, was invited to give a speech in Rochester. He gave a scathing one on Americans celebrating their freedom day on the fourth of July while in their hypocrisy kept nearly four million humans as slaves. Speaking on the subject of "American slavery," he says he does not hesitate to declare, being identified with the American bondman, that the character of America never looked blacker to him than this Fourth of July" (Douglass, 1852). While they listened, he continues with rage - "Would you have me argue that man is entitled to liberty That he is the rightful owner of his own body You have already declared it. Must I argue the wrongfulness of slavery Is that a question for Republicans Is it to be settled by the rules of logic and argumentation, as a matter beset with great difficulty, involving a doubtful application of the principle of justice, hard to understand How should I look today in the presence of Americans, dividing and subdividing a discourse, to show that men have a natural right to freedom, speaking of it relatively and positively, negatively and affirmatively To do so would be to make myself ridiculous, and to offer an insult to your understanding. There is not a man beneath the canopy of heaven who does not know that slavery is wrong for him" (Ibid). Historian interviews. Horton (2001) who had interviewed several sectors of southern states says withdrawal from the United States of these colonies was "directly connected to the protection and preservation of their institution of slavery." Those in power in the south, he said, understood it as such. For example, he said, Georgian Governor Joseph Brown explained that Georgia seceded (just after South Carolina), considering that Lincoln was "a mere instrument of the

Understanding Organisations and the Role of Human Resources Assignment

Understanding Organisations and the Role of Human Resources - Assignment Example This research will begin with the statement that Human Resource (HR) managers play a crucial role in the success of organisation. Human Resource Department is considered as the backbone of every organisation for the effectiveness of the employees. Organisations effectiveness and efficiency largely depends on their HR as they perform several activities regarding public relations, selection along with recruitment, and many other pivotal tasks. The role of HR is of significance as they act as a motivator for the employees and help in retaining along with attracting new talent for enhancing the operating environment. In this study, J Sainsbury's plc has been taken into consideration. Sainsbury’s initiated its venture in the year 1869 and operates globally with 161,000 employees. Sainsbury identifies its strong culture as well as values to be the core element for its success with respect to the role of effective HR managers. J Sainsbury plc is a UK based organisation and is one of the largest retailers in the country. The organisation has various areas and segments in which they deal with. The company provides its services in various aspects as the company has the largest supermarket chain to meet the requirement of the customers. The company has Sainsbury's convenience stores, online groceries facility, banks, pharmacies, energy, and mobile. Sainsbury’s plc has a large range of products in order to satisfy the needs of the people. In the current scenario, Sainsbury’s has more than 1203 supermarkets, which provides value to the customers.

The American Declaration of Independence Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

The American Declaration of Independence - Essay Example The signers concluded that the colonies must then break political ties with the British Crown and become "independent states with full power to levy war, conclude peace, contract alliances, establish commerce" among others and that, representing every colony, they pledge "to stand by the Declaration with their lives, fortunes, and honor." The independence of these American colonies was however recognized by Great Britain only on September 3, 1783, by the Treaty of Paris (Wikipedia 2005). Leading Writers. According to Ingersoll (1856), the literature of American liberties was first edited by written constitutions of Virginia and North Carolina, who first seceded from the union, followed by Massachusetts or other States. As originators working not only for independence but for larger liberties, slave-holders took the lead. "Slave-holders in the undisturbed meditation of plantation life, with frequent transactions in State representations, were the two principal founders of American free government," he said. Ingersoll (1856) further said "every bill of rights and written constitution came first from the slave-holders; every American founder of American liberty had been a slave-holder." American bondman. Frederick Douglass, American bondman, was invited to give a speech in Rochester. He gave a scathing one on Americans celebrating their freedom day on the fourth of July while in their hypocrisy kept nearly four million humans as slaves. Speaking on the subject of "American slavery," he says he does not hesitate to declare, being identified with the American bondman, that the character of America never looked blacker to him than this Fourth of July" (Douglass, 1852). While they listened, he continues with rage - "Would you have me argue that man is entitled to liberty That he is the rightful owner of his own body You have already declared it. Must I argue the wrongfulness of slavery Is that a question for Republicans Is it to be settled by the rules of logic and argumentation, as a matter beset with great difficulty, involving a doubtful application of the principle of justice, hard to understand How should I look today in the presence of Americans, dividing and subdividing a discourse, to show that men have a natural right to freedom, speaking of it relatively and positively, negatively and affirmatively To do so would be to make myself ridiculous, and to offer an insult to your understanding. There is not a man beneath the canopy of heaven who does not know that slavery is wrong for him" (Ibid). Historian interviews. Horton (2001) who had interviewed several sectors of southern states says withdrawal from the United States of these colonies was "directly connected to the protection and preservation of their institution of slavery." Those in power in the south, he said, understood it as such. For example, he said, Georgian Governor Joseph Brown explained that Georgia seceded (just after South Carolina), considering that Lincoln was "a mere instrument of the

Psychology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 13

Psychology - Essay Example The first level is self centered reasoning where a child may make a moral decision based on personal likes or dislikes, potential benefit or loss and future expectations. Preschool children or elementary school children may exhibit this level. The second level is based on the needs of the individual where the needs of the individual become important without requiring empathic feelings. Some preschool children and quite a lot of school age children exhibit this level (Eisenberg, 1989). The third level of moral reasoning is based on stereotyped or approval based reasoning in which the child exhibits moral reasoning based on what s/he understands to be the social norm of good and bad. This moral reasoning may also be used to win approval from authority figures and is used by some school age children as well as adolescents. Older school age children and many adolescents jump to the level of empathic reasoning (fourth level) in which the individual can used empathy, the idea of role playing and understanding the position of others to make moral decisions. At this level, they may be aware of the emotional response of doing good things i.e. a positive feeling and not helping others i.e. feeling guilty (Eisenberg, 1989). The fifth and sixth levels are partly internalised principles and strongly internalised principles. Under partly internalised principles the justification for the actions taken by a child are based on internalised values such as privacy, the rights of others, equality etc. and these ideas may not be clearly formed in the mind of the child. This operation level can be observed for a few adults and in some adolescents. With strongly internalised principles, the moral decisions made are always based on feelings that have been strongly internalised such as a need to improve the social conditions, or even the idea of fairness and even handedness. However, such a level is rarely found in young individuals. Overall, I feel that the model

Science Paper on Tropism Essay Example for Free

Science Paper on Tropism Essay A tropism is a growth in response to a stimulus. Plants grow towards sources of water and light, which they need to survive and grow. Auxin is a plant hormone produced in the stem tips and roots, which controls the direction of growth. Plant hormones are used in weedkillers, rooting powder and to control fruit ripening. Tropisms The direction of plant growth Plants need light and water for photosynthesis. They have developed responses called tropisms to help make sure they grow towards sources of light and water. There are different types of tropisms: Positive phototropism in plant stems * Tropism – growth in response to a stimulus * Positive tropism – towards the stimulus * Negative tropism – away from the stimulus * Phototropism – growth in response to the direction of light * Geotropism – growth in response to the direction of gravity Responses of different parts of the plant Auxin is a plant hormone responsible for controlling the direction of growth of root tips and stem tips in response to different stimuli including light and gravity. Auxin is made at the tips of stems and roots. Its moved in solution to older parts of the stem and root where it changes the elasticity of the cells. More elastic cells absorb more water and grow longer, causing bending in the stem or root. Its thought that light and gravity can interfere with the transport of auxin causing it to be unevenly distributed. Auxin experiment 3 groups of seeds are grown in a cardboard box. A when the tips are removed, no auxin is made so the stems do not grow B – when the tips are covered, auxin moves to all parts of the stem causing all parts to grow C when the tips are lit from one side only auxin accumulates on the shaded side causing it to grow more than the illuminated side Nervous System And Nerves Function: To transmit messages from one part of your body to another Neurons: Messenger cells in your nervous system Nerve impulses: Electrical signals carrying messages Neurotransmitters:Chemicals released by one neuron to excite a neighbouring one Millions of messengers Your nervous system contains millions of nerve cells, called neurons. Neurons are highly specialised to transmit messages from one part of your body to another. All neurons have a cell body and one or more fibres. These fibres vary in length from microscopic to over 1 metre. There are two different kinds of nerve fibres: fibres that carry information towards the cell body, called dendrites, and fibres that carry information away from it, called axons. Nerves are tight bundles of nerve fibres. Teamwork Your neurons can be divided into three types: * Sensory neurons, which pass information about stimuli such as light, heat or chemicals from both inside and outside your body to your central nervous system * Motor neurons, which pass instructions from your central nervous system to other parts of your body, such as muscles or glands * Association neurons, which connect your sensory and motor neurons Electrical and chemical signals Your neurons carry messages in the form of electrical signals called nerve impulses. To create a nerve impulse, your neurons have to be excited. Stimuli such as light, sound or pressure all excite your neurons, but in most cases, chemicals released by other neurons will trigger a nerve impulse. Although you have millions of neurons that are densely packed within your nervous system, they never actually touch. So when a nerve impulse reaches the end of one neuron, a neurotransmitter chemical is released. It diffuses from this neuron across a junction and excites the next neuron. Protecting cells Over half of all the nerve cells in your nervous system do not transmit any impulses. These supporting nerve cells are located between and around your neurons to insulate, protect and nourish them. Chromosomes Every human cell has 46 molecules of double-stranded DNA. This DNA is coiled and supercoiled to form chromosomes. Each chromosome has around 50 to 250 million bases. Image Credit: genome.gov Human cells contain two sets of chromosomes, one set inherited from the mother and one from the father. The egg from the mother contains half of the 46 (23) and thesperm from the father carries the other half 23 of 46 chromosomes. Together the baby has all 46 chromosomes. There are 22 pairs of autosomes and 1 pair of sex chromosomes. Females have an XX chromosome while men have an XY chromosome. DNA DNA resides in the core, or nucleus, of each of the bodys trillions of cells. Every human cell (with the exception of mature red blood cells, which have no nucleus) contains the same DNA. The DNA is a double, stranded spiral forming a double helix. Each strand is made up of millions of chemical building blocks called bases. There are only four types of bases making up the DNA adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine. The order of these bases are changed with permutation and combination in a sequence and unique sequences code for proteins. The concept is similar to combination of alphabets to form words that further combine to form sentences. Genes The DNA in each chromosome constitutes many genes. The DNA also contains large sequences that do not code for any protein and their function is not known. The gene of the coding region encodes instructions that allow a cell to produce a specific protein or enzyme. There are nearly 50,000 and 100,000 genes with each being made up of hundreds of thousands of chemical bases. In order to make proteins, the gene from the DNA is coped by each of the chemical bases into messenger RNA (ribonucleic acid) or mRNA. The mRNA moves out of the nucleus and uses cell organelles in the cytoplasm called ribosomes to form the polypeptide or amino acid that finally folds and configures to form the protein. The human genome All the DNA in the cell makes up the human genome. There are about 20,000 important genes located on one of the 23 chromosome pairs found in the nucleus or on long strands of DNA located in the mitochondria. The DNA in the genes make up only around 2% of the genome. For some years now each of the sequences and genes discovered are carefully recorded as to their specific location, sequences etc. The whole information is stored in a database that is publicly accessible. Nearly 13000 genes have been mapped to specific locations (loci) on each of thechromosomes. This information was initiated by the work done as part of the Human Genome Project. The completion of the project was celebrated in April 2003 but the exact number of genes and numerous other genes in the genome of humans is as yet unknown. Genetic switches and non-coding DNA regions The genes that contain the information to make the necessary proteins are therefore ‘switched on’ in some of the specialized cells while the remaining genes are ‘switched off’. For example, the genes that are ‘switched on’ in kidney cells are different to those that are ‘switched on’ in brain cells because the cells of the brain have different roles and make different proteins. In addition to the Human genome project, more information is needed to find what each of the genes as well as the vast amounts of non-coding regions do. These non-coding regions form nearly 90% of the chromosome and earlier much of it was termed â€Å"junk DNA† as it appeared that this DNA did not contain the information for gene products that the cells use and produce. Now it is increasingly clear that the non-coding DNA has a very important role to play. That role is still largely unknown but is likely to include regulating which genes are ‘switched on’ or ‘switched off’ in each cell. The non-coding regions of the DNA is also important for forensic investigations and determining biological relationships – paternity etc. Promoter regions, exons introns of genes A gene can have more than one promoter, resulting in RNAs that may vary in lengths. Some genes may have strong promoters that bind the transcription machinery well, and others have weak promoters that bind poorly. Weak ones allow for less transcription to protein than strong ones. Other possible regulatory regions include enhancers. These enhancers may help the weak promoters. Many prokaryotic genes are organized into operons. These sequences are genes that have products with related functions. Long stretches of DNA that are coded to proteins are called introns and non-coding regions are called exons. Genes mutations Around 20,000 genes in the cell guide the growth, development and health of the animal or human. The genetic information contained in the DNA is in the form of a chemical code, called the genetic code. The code is similar in many ways and in most of the sequences across all living organisms. An allele is one variant of that gene. In many cases, all people would have the gene, but certain people will have a specific allele of that gene, which results in the trait. This could be a simple trait like hair or eye color. There are, however, variations in the genetic code that makes each individual unique. Most variations are harmless. However, variations to the genetic information can sometimes mean that some proteins are not produced properly, produced in the wrong amounts or not produced at all. Variations that make the gene faulty are called mutations. SNPs or single nucleotide polymorphisms are changes in a single base or single letter in the sequence and may code of a different protein altogether making it akin to a genetic mutation. Mutations of genes that are important for functions in the body can lead to a genetic condition that may affect growth or health of the individual. Some mutations do not directly cause disease but may make a person more susceptible to developing a genetic condition.

Reflection On The Ppph And Mph Course

Reflection On The Ppph And Mph Course My life before the MPH I have been at the University of Liverpool for the past sixteen years, starting as a BSc Microbiology student, then with my PhD on Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STD), and finally working as a research associate on several clinical trials in Malawi, Africa and in Liverpool. I am currently in Primary Care and have just undertaken a feasibility intervention study by NHS Health trainers. Working on this study promoted me to reflect on my own work experience and identify any gaps in my knowledge, which resulted in me applying as a part-time student on the MPH course. Because I only had a contract to the summer of 2010, I was only able to register for some of the course, as a PGCert student. As a result, I have not done the complete MPH, but only the five modules outlined below. First Semester Health Society Quantitative Research Methods I Second Semester An intro to Qualitative Research Health Economics Policy Politics in Public Health I choose these particular modules in relation to the gaps in my knowledge, except in the case of QRM I, which I saw as a refresher course. I would describe myself as a quantitative researcher, who had very little qualitative experience. Although on trials in Malawi and Liverpool, members of the team undertook some qualitative research that I managed on a day-to-day basis. Therefore, I had some understanding of the practicalities in undertaking this type of research but not in the theoretical background, methodology and analysis. Therefore, it was very important for me to do the qualitative parts of the course, as within my current role in Primary Care I will be more hands on with qualitative research. As part of the NHS Health trainer feasibility study, the team looked at the health economics and its implications, in collaboration with colleagues at the University of East Anglia; therefore, it was valuable for me to do this module. In addition, as part of this study I looked at the history and development of the NHS Health trainer policy by the government so I did the PPPH module to help me to put this research into context. So what would I say was my Public Health experience? Well to start with, I think I have worked on research topics of public health importance throughout my time at the University of Liverpool but I may not have formally seen it as the case. I can see this when I reflect on my previous experiences, starting with my PhD, where I studied STDs in Nigeria, as part of my time there we undertook some promotion of condoms within the local rural community. Also in Malawi, one project was on reproductive health issues and again as part of a team, we promoted the safe motherhood programme. Moreover, in the last clinical trial in Malawi, the team was testing an efficacy of a Rotavirus vaccine against diarrhoeal disease, which because of that research has become part of the recommended World Health Organisation vaccine schedule for babies. For that reason, although there has clearly been a public health agenda within my work but I did not see it, it was very important for me to undertake this cou rse. In order to supplement my previous knowledge within the theoretical basis of Public Health and learn some new practical ways to help when I am conducting future research. Public Health Policy Module On of my reason for undertaking, this module was to understand how people create public health policy, the impact of politics has in that, and finally how the implementation of the policy comes into being for ordinary people. As a result, I came into the module with the aims of understanding the workings of the process of policy formation. Overall, I have found the topics in the module very interesting and motivating. As stated earlier, as part of my job I looked at the history and development of the NHS Health trainer policy with their role in helping people to have a healthy life-style. But when I looked at the document trial for this policy I was shocked to see that the role of NHS Health Trainer just seemed to appear in the 2004 white paper Choosing Health: Making healthy choices easier (1), without any supporting research evidence, or even case studies showing how this worked in a UK setting in that white paper. Nevertheless, it was still enshrined into government policy, which has resulted in people, all over the country, employed to be NHS Health trainers. Therefore, I hoped that the PPPH module would give me some insight into how this happened. Consequently, in that context I found the readings and lectures for week two, on Public Health Policy Theoretical background to Policy Formulation and Development in the UK context very enlightening. In the lecture on What is policy, it was interesting that hear that a definition of health policy described as anything the government does, making decisions and implementing actions that allocates a value and how they translate their political vision to deliver outcomes desired changes in the real world. Also outlined were the various different models, which brought home to me the complexity in the development of policy, and the importance that policy should be evidence based. When I related this lecture back to my own experience with NHS Health trainer policy, I could see that how it derived its origin, from the political idea of choice in influencing public behaviour to improve health and wellbeing. This idea was supported by one of the pre-lecture readings, where Mulgan (2010) stated that we know people care about their health and the link of illness with their everyday choices, but they find it hard to adopt healthier behaviours, therefore how does the government help people to make to help people make the right choices for them (2). Therefore, it seems that the NHS Health trainer policy appears to be political intervention, designed to mop up gaps and strengthen other areas driven by the idea of having a healthy choice. In addition, I saw how the government has not adopted the nudge approach to this policy, which soft and non-intrusive and preserves an individual freedom of choice in that you do not remove the unhealthy choice altogether. But, used the stewardship model, which sees government as having an active, positive role, in that it promotes health by providing information and advice, with NHS Health trainer programme to help people overcome unhealthy behaviours (3). I can see the NHS Health Trainers policy ticking all the right boxes, such as community involvement, not top down, and client focused but the evidence base for this policy is weak, with the NHS Health Trainers Initiative website devoted to guidance notes and health trainer only. Up till now, recent publications on the main outcomes of the national and local reports for NHS Health Trainers Initiative of Health trainers have focussed on recruitment and training of Health trainers and analysis of service delivery but not client outcomes (4;5). Crucially, no studies have examined the effectiveness of Health Trainers at promoting heart-healthy lifestyles, with our work being only a feasibility study, which we have not yet published. This seemed to me to be back to front way of doing it. However, in reflection the lectures, in week 3, on Influencing Public Health Policy were interesting as, I am looking at to how my own work on Health trainers could have an impact on the current policy. Th ese lectures brought home again, how complex the world of Policy and Politics is within Public Health. I can draw on the experiences of the speakers, in week 3, in their roles as advocates for policy change from inside and outside the system. It is clear that policy change is not linear but follows a circular pattern; within this circle therefore, as a researcher, I can contribute by increasing the knowledge base for this policy. I found researching for the debate, I was part of the team looking at the argument for the motion on the Marmot Report, gave me a greater insight into the difficulties of addressing the health problems in our society. One of the key points our team made, was that the way our current public health policy looks at tackling the symptoms rather than the root causes of health inequalities. Moreover, from my reading around in preparation for this work, the question arose as to how we do not address the real issues, which at the root of it is the political ideology of Neo-liberalism. Navarro (2007) pointed out that real problem is not absolute resources but the degree one has control over ones own life in every society (6). In this article, Navarro gave an example of this quoted below. An unskilled, unemployed, young black person living in the ghetto area of Baltimore has more resources (he or she is likely to have a car, a mobile phone, a TV, and more square feet per household and more kitchen equipment) than a middle-class professional in Ghana, Africa. If the whole world were just a single society, the Baltimore youth would be middle class and the Ghana professional would be poor. And yet, the first has a much shorter life expectancy (45 years) than the second (62 years). How can that be, when the first has more resources than the second? (6) This created a powerful image, which brought home that message to me about how the inequalities affect our society. There has been a focus on the phenomenon of lifestyle drift, whereby governments start with a commitment to dealing with the wider social determinants of health but end up instigating narrow lifestyle interventions on individual behaviours, even where action at a governmental level may offer the greater chance of success, this can be seen in the NHS Health trainer policy. Even though I had to argue for the impossibility in implementing the recommendations of Marmot, I strongly believe that when making changes we need to be part of a collective membership where we take decisions not just in the interest of an individual but also for the everyone as a whole. On the other hand, on a note of pessimism I was shocked as to how successive governments failure to act on the health inequalities reports prior to Marmot, such as the Black Report (1980), Acheson Report (1998) and Wanless Report (2004). Consequently, we need to understand the political determinants of health and act upon them, even if it seems risky and painful to implement the changes needed. Has my perspective changed? As I have only done some modules of the MPH, I will reflect on the impact of these. However as it now seems I will be, continuing next year with the remaining modules, I expect these views to change in the coming year as do the other modules. The question asks what affect this course has had my own understanding of and my future approach to public health. Well, as explained earlier, before undertaking this course I could see how my work has had elements of dealing with public health issues at the coalface, as it were in Africa and latterly in the UK, but I seemed unaware of them at the time. I think that is clearly one of the important changes to how I view public health from now on. Over the course of all the modules, I have seen very much the interconnectivity of all the disciplines in both developing the knowledge base for and creating public health policy itself. As I have trained as a quantitative scientist, very much grounded in the positivist view of society, I found the two qualitative modules very enlightening. One of the results from my study on the NHS Health trainer was how little people engaged with the programme even though we recruited people into the study because of they had risk factors for cardiovascular disease, such as obesity. A group of people who at the outset we thought would be an ideal group for the intervention. However, when looking at the pattern of behaviour in the quantitative data at each stage of the study, a higher than normal proportion of this group did not take up our offer and engage with our Health trainers. Fortunately, in parallel to this research the team conducted qualitative interviews with some of the participants. Therefore, we were able to get some information on why we saw this affect, with the view coming out that some people were hoping that the LHTs would find a nutritional magic bullet but when faced with the reality that the programme only involved motivational support they disengaged. Therefore, as a specific example of a change in my practice in the future, I see the need to incorporate a mixed paradigm approach, quantitative and qualitative, to get the whole research picture. Therefore, in undertaking the two qualitative modules I know feel I have a good understanding of the theory and practice to start adopting this as an effective approach to my research.

Censorship of David Wojnarowicz, Robert Mapplethorpe, and Francisco Goy

The Censorship of David Wojnarowicz, Robert Mapplethorpe, and Francisco Goya Censorship is usually considered â€Å"official† censorship because it is action taken by governmental institutions such as government committees, or universities, to limit the view of a specific artwork or a group of works by the public. However, these concrete official actions taken to limit public view of specific artwork are only the results of the abstract â€Å"censoring attitudes† of individuals or groups of individuals, encouraging the actions. Censoring attitudes can arise from feelings of race or gender discrimination, discrimination against the gay community, fear of taboos and controversially issues, and assumed moral or Christian authority. It is these attitudes that are the basis of censorship, not necessarily the artist’s intentions of their artwork, because each individual viewer of the artist’s specific piece will unconsciously project his/her own anxieties and fears into the artist’s artwork. What drives the individual to c ensor the artist’s work is the product of their attitudes being reflected in the subject matter of the artwork, and the result of censorship is keeping the artist’s work from being exposed or even from being created. A mutually supportive relationship between artists and society would be the ideal under the First Amendment of the United States Constitution. Our society would recognize and support an expanded role for artists. Free and diverse artistic expressions are vital for challenging people to rethink their assumptions and for educating people about past and present issues. We should oppose censorship in the arts, and encourage individual and social expression by artists. Only by supporting the voice... ... money, and of course the committee voted to pass the amendment. The result of the committee was the â€Å"Miller test† that labeled art as obscene when â€Å"the work, taken as a whole, lacks serious literary, artistic, political, or scientific value† (378). But according to whose values? If the jury’s values differ from that of the artist, who defiantly considers his work serious, the artist expression is limited. Another example was the criticism made by Dr. Judith Reisman who disagreed that Mapplethorpe’s photographs were art because they â€Å"failed to express human emotion† because of the sexual images(379). But this statement also requires the question, by whose values? Maybe they do not show human emotion to her because she believes only traditional â€Å"beautiful† things can invoke emotion, but they may invoke emotions in other viewers, which is the artist's purpose. Censorship of David Wojnarowicz, Robert Mapplethorpe, and Francisco Goy The Censorship of David Wojnarowicz, Robert Mapplethorpe, and Francisco Goya Censorship is usually considered â€Å"official† censorship because it is action taken by governmental institutions such as government committees, or universities, to limit the view of a specific artwork or a group of works by the public. However, these concrete official actions taken to limit public view of specific artwork are only the results of the abstract â€Å"censoring attitudes† of individuals or groups of individuals, encouraging the actions. Censoring attitudes can arise from feelings of race or gender discrimination, discrimination against the gay community, fear of taboos and controversially issues, and assumed moral or Christian authority. It is these attitudes that are the basis of censorship, not necessarily the artist’s intentions of their artwork, because each individual viewer of the artist’s specific piece will unconsciously project his/her own anxieties and fears into the artist’s artwork. What drives the individual to c ensor the artist’s work is the product of their attitudes being reflected in the subject matter of the artwork, and the result of censorship is keeping the artist’s work from being exposed or even from being created. A mutually supportive relationship between artists and society would be the ideal under the First Amendment of the United States Constitution. Our society would recognize and support an expanded role for artists. Free and diverse artistic expressions are vital for challenging people to rethink their assumptions and for educating people about past and present issues. We should oppose censorship in the arts, and encourage individual and social expression by artists. Only by supporting the voice... ... money, and of course the committee voted to pass the amendment. The result of the committee was the â€Å"Miller test† that labeled art as obscene when â€Å"the work, taken as a whole, lacks serious literary, artistic, political, or scientific value† (378). But according to whose values? If the jury’s values differ from that of the artist, who defiantly considers his work serious, the artist expression is limited. Another example was the criticism made by Dr. Judith Reisman who disagreed that Mapplethorpe’s photographs were art because they â€Å"failed to express human emotion† because of the sexual images(379). But this statement also requires the question, by whose values? Maybe they do not show human emotion to her because she believes only traditional â€Å"beautiful† things can invoke emotion, but they may invoke emotions in other viewers, which is the artist's purpose.

Kraft Foods Presentation

The product manager for coffee development at Kraft Canada must decide whether to introduce the company's new line of single-serve coffee pods or await results from the United States. Key strategic decisions include which target market to focus on and what value proposition to signal. Important questions are also raised as to how the new product should be branded, which flavors to offer, whether Kraft should use traditional distribution channels or direct-to-store delivery, and what forms of advertising and promotion to use. The case provides a basis for discussing consumer decision making, and stresses the importance of providing a clear incremental benefit when introducing a new product in an established category. Decision Statement: Should Kraft have waited to launch the coffee pod in Canada until the company received results from the U. S.? Since they did a simultaneous launch, how can Kraft foods alter their marketing strategy to increase sales of the coffee pod? Kraft Foods: Kraft Foods was originally began as a cheese manufacturer in 1903 & has since evolved into North America’s largest food and beverage company – Had previously been a division of Phillip Morris Companies but became a public company in June 2001 – Operations consist of Kraft Foods North America and Kraft Foods international – Business is divided into five product categories: beverages, convenience meals, cheese, grocery, and snacks. One of the strongest brand portfolios of global consumer packaged goods players {text:list-item} {text:list-item} – Strong distribution network and a well-earned reputation for developing innovative new products and food applications Mission: to achieve leadership in the markets it served, which it pursued by fostering innovation, achieving high product quality, and keeping a close eye on profit margins. World leader in coffee sales with 15% of the global market; In Canada, Kraft’s Maxwell House and Nabob brands account for 32% market share. The Launch of the Coffee Pod In July of 2004, Geoff Herzog (product manager for coffee development at Kraft Foods Canada) found out that Kraft Foods North America was preparing an aggressive launch of coffee pods in the US. Herzog had less than a month to decide whether Kraft should proceed with a simultaneous launch in Canada, or await the U. S. results Herzog decided to go ahead with the launch ? This is where we believe the problem arose Created the Tassimo In order to Launch in Canada, Herzog had several decisions to make: Kraft owned two major brands in Canada, Maxwell House and Nabob, so the company would have to create a suitable branding strategy. Setting wholesale and retail prices for coffee pod Choose which flavors to offer Decide whether to use traditional distribution channels or direct-to-store delivery Develop an effective advertising and promotional strategy on a relatively limited budget Herzog would also need to present a convincing case that his plan and recommendations would in fact help Kraft expand its share of the Canadian coffee market, while also generating a satisfactory return on the company’s marketing investment. Marketing Strategy With an annual budget of only $1 million for the launch, Herzog faced tight constraints on his ability to introduce Kraft coffee pods in Canada. He would need to identify a cost-effective way to convince consumers that Kraft pods delivered better value the competitors’ pods Goal: 80% of SSP machine owners to try the product; and 60% of those individuals to repeat purchase Herzog was expected to at least break even by the end of 2006 Target Market: Individuals between 25-54, tended to be well educated and had a household income of $ 91,000 (Canadian household income was around $55,000) Three-quarters were married and 88% lived in single-detached homes in urban areas, primarily in the population rich provinces of Ontario, Quebec, British Columbia, and Alberta. Consumers were characterized by high levels of consumption, and their interests included exercising, entertaining at home, gourmet cooking, household decorating, gardening, and taking exotic vacations. Maxwell House and Nabob had similar profiles to SSP machine owners, except that individuals were typically over the age of 45 Buyer Behavior: Consumers typically purchased pods of the same brand as the machine they bought On the other hand, focus group research suggested that SSP machine owners valued flexibility of using different coffee brands in their brewers. Coffee quality was critical since it defined the entire coffee experience Market Share: Kraft expected that, of the 12. million households in Canada, SSP machines would be adopted by approx. 6% by the end of 2004 and 8% by the end of 2006. To maintain Maxwell House and Nabob’s share of the Canadian coffee market, Herzog estimated that Kraft would need to capture at least 35% of the coffee pod segment Product: By proceeding with the launch, Herzog needed to decide on a flavor selection Variety of pod offerings would be critical for building market share and category growth. Kraft’s manufacturing facility also had the ability to offer the product in a resealable bag with zip closure, keeping the product fresher Price: The price of the coffee pod itself ranges from $130-$200. Kraft planned to sell pods under Maxwell House label at a lower point than rival brands, retailing a pack of 18 pods for US$3. 99. Folgers charges $3. 99 for a pack of 16 This pricing would give retailers a 25% margin on Maxwell House, and at $0. 2 per cup, revenue that was more than four times the $0. 05 per cup from ground coffee Issues arose when deciding to follow the U. S. lead on pricing: On one hand, low prices could serve to drive sales volume and establish Kraft as market leader, but this strategy risks eroding brand image. Given the failure rate of new products in Canada, Herzog suspected that store would be willing to carry one or two brands of coffee pods Herzog was unsure of the best wholesale nd retail selling price to recommend Distribution: Most products were d elivered to retailers via warehouse distribution; which essentially made Kraft responsible for delivering all merchandise to the customers’ warehouses. From there, retailers then distributed the goods to individual stores Retailers were responsible for stocking products, refilling shelf space, maintaining inventories, and maintaining displays—services for which Kraft paid in excess of $200,000 for national listing fees. Their system eliminates the need for Kraft to constantly monitor and track inventories, distribution, and stock The alternative was to use direct-to-store-delivery (DSD). This system would require Kraft to be responsible for delivering merchandise to individual stores, holding inventories, and restocking shelves Kraft used this method for its Mr. Christie cookie products; by creating a joint DSD program with Mr. Christie, it would enable Kraft to lower overall cost for coffee pod distribution to approximately $150,000 by reducing supply chain expenses and minimizing inventory holding costs DSD would also allow Kraft to control product displays, ensure superior product freshness, improve customer service, collect insight from retailers, and sidestep warehouse capacity restraints. 40% of all coffee makers were sold in November and December, DSD would also provide Kraft with speed to market during this period Herzog was not convinced that DSD was the way to go. He didn’t feel the company would be able to maintain the DSD approach if coffee sales increased significantly in the future due to limited space in its distribution center and a limited delivery truck fleet Company SWOT analysis Strengths: North America’s largest food and beverage company and number two player in the world Operations in more than 155 countries One of the strongest brand portfolios among global consumer packaged goods players 50- $100-million brands; 5- $1-billion brands Strong reputation for developing innovative new products and food applications 32% market share in Canadian coffee market The company’s Maxwell House line was Canada’s top retail brand of roast and ground coffee; while Nabob was the leader in Western Canada and number two nationally. Resealable bags for fresher coffee Weaknesses: Limited budget for launch of coffee pod Entered the Canadian market years after Senseo had already established themselves as the leader in coffee pod production; selling three billion pods in the first three years. Price of coffee pod system Lack of proper advertising and promotions Opportunities: The company is already a leading producer of coffee in Canada, so they have a greater opportunity to appeal to loyal Kraft brand consumers with their product If the company would choose to target a market different than their competitors, they could gain strength on other markets such as college students. Switch to DSD distribution Threats: Entering the Canadian market before receiving results from North American launch Canadian grocers enjoy margins of 20 to 30 percent, but Herzog believed margins of 35 percent would be needed as an incentive to list Kraft’s coffee pods Use of warehouse distribution

Graham Greene’s four fundamental requirements Essay

Westerhoff narrates about Graham Greene’s four fundamental requirements for leading a spiritual life. (1) willingness to embrace suffering of world while enduring one’s own (2) a life of solitude and silence (3) introspection of deep restlessness within spirit (4) to see the image of God (Christ) within the community of faith. (John. H. Westerhoff 1994, 30) To preach or to teach, expertise level of human knowledge and understanding is required in order to communicate verbally without hurting others. There were no instances in Bible where Jesus hurted disciples or followers. Jesus was above solutions and problems and that is why offered a formulae by saying â€Å"Take my yoke† which means accepting one’s own suffering along with world’s suffering. â€Å"My burden is light† (St. Matt. 11:29) which includes a fact that Jesus carries the burden along with those who are practicing Jesus teachings. Spiritual life with God can be compared with a grape wine climber as Jesus said â€Å" I am the true vine† (St. John 15:1) â€Å"Abide in me and I in you† (St. John 15:4) . A constant communication with God or clinging to the word of God leads to spiritual formation. â€Å"If ye abide in me, and my words abide in you, ye shall ask what ye will, and it shall be done unto you†. (St. John15:7). Communication with God through prayer is explained by Urban Holmes in the book â€Å"A History of Spirituality†(John H. Westerhoff 1994, 53) wherein knowing God in two different methods. (1) Kataphatic means knowing God indirectly in which relationship with God is mediated (2) apophatic means, knowing God directly and where there is no mediation. Speculative-kataphatic encourages rationalism. Further this school of prayer is based on imaginary senses and even includes writing of conversations with God, while affective-kataphatic encourages pietism which is more charismatic and includes all the bodily expressions and senses in complete contact with God (e. g. clapping, moving body, shouting etc). ,. Speculative-apophatic leads to encratism while affective-apophatic leads to quietism. The four symbols of four categories are : speculative-kataphatic = â€Å"S†, speculative-apophatic = â€Å"T†, affective-kataphatic = â€Å"F†, affective-kataphatic = â€Å"N†. These categories offered by Jung are applicable in prayer and devotion according to the personal preferences. Schools of spirituality can only be applied as an aid for spiritual growth. Prayer purifies souls, castes away unhealthy minds and thoughts and brings closer to God who is an embodiment of love. (St. John 3:16) (I Corinthians 13). God also said â€Å"Seek ye first the kingdom of God, and all these things shall be added unto you†. Seeking God amidst of daily lives and chores. Karl Rahner, the Jesuit priest-theologian, in a letter to God, discusses about tiring hours of activities in a day and how the time is not allocated to God and lays emphasis on how important it is to be in relation with God. Further states that for the entire mankind seeking God’s guidance and support amidst of daily life, is another way of practicing God’s presence. Conclusion Prayer is the only means and a wonderful gift of God to be in constant relation with God. Prayer is a strong weapon that has been used by several preachers in the past such as King Martin Luther, D.L. Moody, John Wesley, David Livingstone and several holy and pious preachers. The present international evangelists and Bible preachers include Dr. Billy Graham (BGEA)and Charles Stanley (In Touch Ministries) who believe concretely in the power of prayer. The preachers who dedicate hours of prayer to God, receive visionary experiences, divine power to deliver gospel of God. Preachers have to maintain a dual relation, one with God and second with those who are receiving the gospel/word of God.

Section 482 of Crpc and Powers of Quashing of Fir

CODE FOR CRIMINAL PROCEDURE PROJECT ON SECTION 482 and POWERS OF QUASH OF FIR SUBMITTED BY:- ANKITA VERMA TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION 2. INHERENT JURISDICTION VESTED IN THE HIGH COURTS 3. INTERFERENCE UNDER ARTICLE 226 FOR FIR QUASHING 4. VIEW OF THE SUPREME COURT 5. AMENDMENT OF CODE OF CRIMINAL PROCEDURE ENABLING 6. RESTORATION OF COMPLAINTS 7. THE ACTIVIST PHASE 8. GUIDELINES FOR EXERCISING THE INHERENT POWERS 9. CONCLUSION 10. BIBLIOGRAPHY INTRODUCTION Sec 482 deals with Inherent powers of the Court.It is under the 37th Chapter of the Code titled â€Å"Miscellaneous†. The state high courts in India have been given supervisory and regulatory powers over the conduct of the lower criminal courts within their respective territorial jurisdiction, including inherent powers under section 482 of CrPC. Section 482 confers inherent powers on the state high courts to intervene in any criminal proceedings, to prevent abuse of the process of the court and to secure the ends of ju stice.Faced with a false criminal complaint, a person can file a petition under section 482 of the CrPC with the state high court and seek quashing of the criminal complaint. Inherent powers u/s 482 of Cr. P. C. include powers to quash FIR, investigation or any criminal proceedings pending before the High Court or any Courts subordinate to it and are of wide magnitude and ramification. Such powers can be exercised to secure ends of justice, prevent abuse of the process of any court and to make such orders as may be necessary to give effect to any order under this Code, depending upon the facts of a given case.Court can always take note of any miscarriage of justice and prevent the same by exercising its powers u/s 482 of Cr. P. C. These powers are neither limited nor curtailed by any other provisions of the Code. However such inherent powers are exercised sparingly and with caution. Section 482 CrPC talks about the inherent powers of the high courts. This section reproduces section 561-A of the code of 1898 without any change. It does not confer any new powers on the high courts but saves such inherent powers which the court possessed before the enactment of CrPC.Though the jurisdiction exists and is wide in its scope it is a rule of practice that it will only be exercised in exceptional cases. The section was added by the Code of Criminal Procedure (amendment) Act, 1923, as the high courts were unable to render complete justice even if in a given case the illegality was palpable and apparent. The section is a sort of reminder to the high courts that they are not merely courts of law, but also courts of justice and possess inherent powers to remove injustice.The inherent power in the high is an inalienable attribute of the position it holds with respect to the courts subordinate to it. These powers are partly administrative and partly judicial. They are  necessarily judicial when they are exercisable with respect to a judicial order and for securing the ends of justice. The expression ‘ends of justice’ is not used to comprise within it any vague or nebulous concept of justice, nor even justice in philosophical sense, but justice according to law, statute law and the common law.Inherent powers are in the nature of extraordinary powers available only where no   express power is available to the high courts to do a particular thing , and where the express power does not negativate the existence of such inherent power. The jurisdiction under section 482 is discretionary; the high court may refuse to exercise the discretion if a party has not approached it with clean hands. As per the scope of this section is concerned, it has a very wide scope. The inherent powers are only with the high courts and no other court can exercise these powers.The high courts are bound to exercise such powers whenever there is injustice done by the court below. Some of the inherent powers of the high courts are: a)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  quashing of   F IR. b)  Ã‚  Ã‚   quashing of complaint. INHERENT JURISDICTION VESTED IN THE HIGH COURTS â€Å"Saving of inherent power of High Court- Nothing in this Code shall be deemed to limit or affect the inherent powers of the High Court to make such orders as may be necessary to give effect to any order under this Code, or to prevent abuse of the process of any Court or otherwise to secure the ends of justice. The section was added by the Code of Criminal Procedure (Amendment) Act of 1923. The section envisages 3 circumstances in which the inherent jurisdiction may be exercised, namely: -to give effect to an order under CrPC, -to prevent abuse of the process of the court, -to secure the ends of justice. The jurisdiction of the high court is confined to the courts subordinate to it in the state for which the high court has been constituted. An application under section 482 cannot be entertained by any court other than the high court.The inherent jurisdiction possessed by the high court und er this section is not confined to cases pending before it, but extends to all the cases which may come to its notice whether in appeal revision or otherwise. Inherent powers under section 482 can be invoked only in the event when there is no other remedies open to the aggrieved party. The inherent jurisdiction of the high court preserved under this section is vested in it by law within the meaning of article 21 of the constitution. The procedure for invoking the inherent powers may be regulated by rules which may have been or be framed by the high courts.The power to make such rules is conferred on the high court by the constitution. Where the rules were previously framed, they continue in force by virtue of article 372 of the constitution. INTERFERENCE UNDER ARTICLE 226 FOR FIR QUASHING The power of quashing the criminal proceedings has to be exercised very sparingly and with circumspection and that too in the rarest of rare cases and the Court cannot be justified in embarking upo n an enquiry as to the reliability or genuineness or otherwise of allegations made in the F.I. R. or complaint and the extraordinary and inherent powers of Court do not confer an arbitrary jurisdiction on the Court to act according to its whims or caprice. However, the Court, under its inherent powers, can neither intervene at an uncalled for stage nor it can †soft-pedal the course of justice' at a crucial stage of investigation/ proceedings. The provisions of Articles 226, 227 of the Constitution of India and Section 482 of the Code are a device to advance justice and not to frustrate it.The power of judicial review is discretionary, however, it must be exercised to prevent the miscarriage of justice and for correcting some grave errors that might be committed by the Subordinate Courts as it is the duty of the High Court to prevent the abuse of process of law by the inferior Courts and to see that esteem of administration of justice remains clean and pure. However, there are no limits of power of the Court but more the power more due care and caution is to be exercised invoking these powers.The Apex Court held that nomenclature under which the petition is filed is totally irrelevant and does not prevent the Courts from exercising its jurisdiction which otherwise it possesses unless there is a special procedure prescribed which procedure is mandatory. In a case the Hon'ble Supreme Court has indicated that the High Court should be loath to interfere at the threshold to thwart the prosecution exercising its inherent power under Section- 482 of the Code or under article 226 or 227 of the Constitution of India, as the case may be, and allow the law to take its own course.The Court's power is limited only to examine that the process of law should not be misused to harass a citizen and for that purpose, the high Court has no authority or jurisdiction to go into the matter or examine the correctness of allegations unless the allegations are patently absurd and inherently improbable so that no prudent person can ever reach to such a conclusion and that there is sufficient ground for proceeding against the accused but the Court, at that stage, cannot go into the truth or falsity of the allegations.In Trisuns Chemical Industry Vs. Rajesh Agarwal ; Ors. the Supreme Court placed reliance upon its earlier judgment in Rajesh Bajaj Vs. State N. C. T. of Delhi ; Ors. , and observed that the inherent power of the High Court should be limited to very extreme exceptions. The said judgment was approved and followed by the Apex Court in Ram Biraji Devi Vs. Umesh Kumar Singh ; Ors. , wherein the Apex Court reiterated that the power can be used only in extreme exceptions where it is necessary to do so in the interest of justice.INTERFERENCE IN INVESTIGATION IN CRIMINAL OFFENCES In the case of Janata Dal Vs. H. S. Chaudhary, the Supreme Court endorsed the law laid down by the Privy Council, that the statutory power of police to investigate cognizable offe nces could not be interfered with by the courts, (King Emperor Vs. Khawaja Nazir Ahmed) The same view was endorsed by Justice Chandrachud in the case of Kurukshetra University Vs.State of Haryana where it was reiterated that investigation of criminal offences, was a field exclusively reserved for the Executive, through the police department, the superintendence over which, vested in the State Government. This Court further held that the Court and judicial process should not interfere at the stage of investigation . In the case of State of Haryana Vs. Chaudhary Bhajan Lal Justice Pandian laid down as follows: Investigation of offences is a field exclusively reserved for police officers whose powers in that field are unfettered so long as the power to investigate into the cognizable offences is legitimately exercised†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ the courts are not justified in obliterating the track of investigation †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. The Magistrate is kept in the picture at all stages of the po lice investigation but he is not authorised to interfere with the actual investigation or to direct the police how that investigation is to be conducted†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ VIEW OF THE SUPREME COURT In the landmark case State of Haryana v. Bhajan Lal: A two-judge bench of the Supreme Court of India considered in detail the provisions of section 482 and the power of the high court to quash criminal proceedings or FIR. The Supreme Court summarized the legal position by laying the following guidelines to be followed by high courts in exercise of their inherent powers to quash a criminal complaint;- 1.The criminal complaint can be quashed when allegations made in the complaint, even if they are taken at their face value and accepted in their entirety, prima facie constitute any offence or make out a case against the accused person. 2. The criminal complaint can be quashed when allegations made in the complaint are so absurd and inherently improbable that on the basis of which no prudent perso n can ever reach a conclusion that there are sufficient grounds for continuing the proceedings against the accused person. . The criminal complaint can be quashed when the allegations made in the complaint and evidence collected in support of the complaint does not disclose the commission of any offence against the accused person. 4. The criminal complaint can be quashed when the complaint is manifestly attended with malafide or where the proceeding is maliciously instituted with an ulterior motive for wreaking vengeance on the accused person and with a view to spite him due to private and personal grudge. 5.The criminal complaint can be quashed when there is an express legal bar under any of the provisions of the CrPC or any other legislation (under which a criminal proceeding is instituted) to the institution and continuance of criminal complaint. Thus, if the high court is convinced that the criminal complaint does not disclose a cognizable offence and the continuation of an inve stigation is not based on sound foundations and would amount to an abuse of power of the police necessitating interference to secure the ends of justice, the high court will exercise its inherent power to quash the proceedings.In Pepsi Foods Ltd. v. Special Judicial Magistrate,  the Supreme Court of India observed that: â€Å"Though the magistrate can discharge the accused at any stage of the trial if he considers the charges to be groundless, this does not mean that the accused cannot approach the High Court under section 482 to have the complaint quashed if the complaint does disclose the commission of a cognizable offence against the accused person.In this case the Supreme Court held that the order of the High Court refusing to quash the complaint on the ground that alternate remedy was available under the CrPC to the accused person was not proper. † However it has been held by the Supreme Court of India in Om Prakash Singh v. State of UP  : That ‘if a complaint discloses the commission of a cognizable offence, it would not be a sound exercise of discretion to quash the criminal complaint’.AMENDMENT OF CODE OF CRIMINAL PROCEDURE ENABLING RESTORATION OF COMPLAINTS Submitted to the Union Minister of Law and Justice, Ministry of Law and Justice, Government of India by Dr. Justice AR. Lakshmanan, Chairman, Law Commission of India, on the 22nd day of August,2009. Inherent power of subordinate courts The subordinate criminal courts have no inherent powers. However, courts exist for dispensation of justice and not for its denial for technical reasons when law and justice otherwise demand.Even though inherent power saved under section 482, CrPC is only in favour of High Courts, the subordinate criminal courts are also not powerless to do what is absolutely necessary for dispensation of justice in the absence of a specific enabling provision provided there is no prohibition and no illegality or miscarriage of justice is involved. All the crim inal courts are having such an auxiliary power subject to restriction which justice, equity, good conscience and legal provisions demand provided it will not unnecessarily prejudice somebody else.A Division Bench of the Kerala High Court has in the matter of State Prosecutor held that the subordinate courts have the inherent power to act ex debito justitiae (in accordance with the requirement of justice) to do the real and substantial justice for which alone they exist. The absence of any reference to any other criminal court in the said provision does not necessarily imply that such courts can in no circumstances exercise inherent power. Courts may act on the principle that every procedure should be understood as permissible till it is shown to be prohibited by law. Law commission’s 141st ReportThe 12th Law Commission of India in its 141st Report titled â€Å"Need for Amending the Law as regards Power of Courts to Restore Criminal Revisional Applications and Criminal Cases Dismissed for Default in Appearance† [1991] The Law Commission in its 141st Report recommended amendment of section 482 of the CrPC for conferment of inherent powers also on all subordinate criminal courts other than the High court. THE ACTIVIST PHASE The activist phase, in its present form, started from the necessity felt by the Supreme Court, to secure impartial investigation into the allegations of fake encounters, custodial deaths, and police torture.While initially the Judges were content to direct inquiries by the local District and Sessions Judges, subsequently in several cases, the Court directed investigation by the CBI directly. Still the Court did not interfere in investigation There is no denial of the fact that the investigation and prosecution of criminal offences is lackadaisical. Yet the question to be considered is whether monitoring of investigation by Supreme Court or the High Courts is the appropriate remedy. Apart from the fact that monitoring of investiga tion invariably makes the judicial pyramid virtually stand on its head, it has larger connotations.The foremost consideration is, as to whether it is likely to result in denial of fair trial to the accused, and whether it amounts to adoption of a procedure which is unreasonable and is capable of falling foul of Article 21. In my view, whether this procedure violates Article 20 or 21 or not, in any case, it is not effective. The experiment in one of the cases in which this procedure was adopted by the Supreme Court has proved its futility. The conventional wisdom, on account of which, the courts refrained from interfering in investigation, was that the opinion of the Investigating Officer was not binding upon the courts.Defects in investigation could be rectified by the trial Judges, by summoning other persons, found to be connected with the offences under section 319 of the Code of Criminal Procedure. The dignity and honour of the Courts would be better preserved, if they maintain t he traditional distance from the Investigating agencies. In the end, it needs to be realised that investigation is a specialised job, which has to be conducted in the field, by persons adept at it. Various techniques and strategies are adopted by the Investigating Officer, and the task of ascertainment of truth, is long, arduous and painful.The Courts' continued insistence on modernisation of investigative techniques and upgrading the tools of technology, by deploying scientific methods of investigation, are the only means that may succeed in the long run. Judicial monitoring of investigation is an aberration and the sooner it ends, the better it is for the administration of criminal justice system. Guide-lines for exercising the inherent power -Where the allegations made in the First Information Report or the complaint, even if they are taken at their face value and accepted in their entirety do not prima facie constitute any offence or make out a case against the accused. Where th e allegations in the first Information Report and other materials, if any, accompanying the F. I. R. do not disclose a cognizable offence, justifying an investigation by police officers under S. 156(1) of the Code except under an order of a Magistrate within the purview of S. 155(2) of the Code. -Where the uncontroverted allegations made in the FIR or complaint and the evidence collected in support of the same do not disclose the commission of any offence and make out as case against the accused. Where, the allegations in the F. I. R. do not constitute a cognizable offence but constitute only a non-cognizable offence, no investigation is permitted by as police officer without an order of a Magistrate ass contemplated under S. 155(2) of the Code. -Where the allegations made in the FIR or complaint are so absurd and inherently improbable on the basis of which no prudent person can ever reach a just conclusion that there is sufficient ground for proceeding against the accused. Where th ere is an express legal bar engrafted in any of the provisions of the Code or the concerned Act (under which a criminal proceeding is instituted) to the institution and continuance of the proceedings and/ or where there is a specific provision the Code or the concerned Act, providing efficacious redress for the grievance of the aggrieved party. – Where a criminal proceeding is manifestly attended with malafide and/ or where the proceeding is maliciously instituted with an ulterior motive for wreaking vengeance on the accused and with a view to spite him due to private and personal grudge.It has been said there should be no undue interference by the High Court as no meticulous examination of the evidence is needed for considering whether the case would end in conviction or not, at this stage. The High Court should interfere only where it is satisfied that if the complaint is allowed to be proceeded with, it would amount to abuse of process of court or that the interests of jus tice otherwise call for quashing of the charges. In Zandu Pharmaceutical Works Ltd. Vs. Mohd. Sharaful Haque & Ors. the Hon'ble Apex Court held that criminal proceedings can be quashed but such power is to be exercised sparingly, carefully with caution and only when such exercise is justified by the tests specifically laid down in the statutory provisions itself. It is to be exercised ex debito justitiae to do real and substantial justice for administration of which alone Courts exist. Wherever any attempt is made to abuse that authority so as to produce injustice, the Court has power to prevent the abuse. A case where the FI. R. r the complaint does not disclose any offence or is frivolous, vexatious or oppressive, the proceedings can be quashed. It is, however, not necessary that at this stage there should be meticulous analysis of the case before the trial to find out whether the case ends in conviction or acquittal. The allegations have to be read as a whole. CONCLUSION â€Å"T he judiciary has to play a vital and important role, not only in preventing and remedying abuse and misuse of power, but also in eliminating exploitation and injustice. For this purpose, it is necessary to make procedural innovations†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦The summit judiciary in India, keenly alive to its social responsibility and accountability to the people of the country, has liberated itself from the shackles of Western thought, made innovative use of the power of judicial review, forged new tools, devised new methods and fashioned new strategies. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ † Soon thereafter, PIL was defined by Justice Bhagwati, in one of his articles entitled, â€Å"Social Action Litigation; the Indian experience†, in the above words. So as per the above discussion we have seen that how the high court uses its inherent powers and how important it is for the high courts to use these powers.Section 482 has a very wide scope and its really important for the courts to use it properly and w isely. Many a times it has been observed that when there is an issue of money for eg. Any money matter then the petitioner instead of filing a civil suit files an FIR against the other person just to harass him. In such cases it becomes very important for the high courts to quash such complaints as it leads to the abuse of the process of the lower courts. Thus section 482 is very important for acquiring proper justice and to stop the public from filing fictitious complaints just to fulfil their personal grudges.The functions of the judiciary and the police are complementary, and each one is to exercise its own functions. No doubt, the code of criminal procedure, gives to the police unfettered power to investigate all the cases, where they suspect a cognizable offence has been committed. Even the high court does not interfere with such investigation, because it would be impeding investigation and the jurisdiction of the statutory authorities to exercise power in accordance with the p rovisions of criminal procedure code.However, in appropriate cases, aggrieved person can always seek a remedy by invoking the power of the high court under Article 226 of the constitution to issue the writ of mandamus, restraining the police officer from misusing his legal powers. Further, in Hazari lal Gupta V. Rameshwar Prasad, the apex court laid down, that the high court can quash proceedings, if there is no legal evidence or if there is any impediment in the investigation or continuance of proceedings.The policy of non-interference in the investigation was well explained by the Privy Council in King Emperor V. Khawaja Nazir Ahmad in the following terminology: â€Å" just as it is essential that everyone accused of crime, should have free access to the court of justice, so that he may be duly acquitted, if found not guilty of the offence of which he is charged, so it is of utmost importance that the judiciary should not interfere with the police matter which are within their pr ovince and into which law imposes on them the duty of inquiry†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. † BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. ttp://www. legalindia. in/inherent-powers-of-the-high-court-under-section-482-of-crpc 2. http://ipc498a. wordpress. com/2007/10/27/understanding-hc-quash-petitions-section-482-of-crpc/ 3. Gopal R : Sohon’s code of criminal procedure, Vol- V, Lexis Nexis Butterworths, 20th Edition. 4. Lal Batuk ; The code of criminal procedure, Orient publishing company, 3rd Edition. 5. Ratanlal , Dhrijlal; The code of criminal procedure, Lexis Nexis Butterworths, 17th Edition. 6. Sarkar S C; The law of criminal procedure, Vol- II, Wadhwa ; company Nagpur, III Edition. . Sen D N, The code of criminal procedure, Vol-II, Premier Publishing Company, 2006. ——————————————– [ 1 ]. G. Sagar Suri & Anr. Vs. State of U. P. & Ors. , AIR 2000 SC 754 [ 2 ]. State of U. P. Vs. O. P. Sharma, (1996) 7 SCC 705 [ 3 ]. L. V. Jadhav Vs. Shankarrao Abasaheb Pawar & Ors. , AIR 1983 SC 1219 [ 4 ]. ( 1999) 8 SCC 686 [ 5 ]. AIR 1999 SC 1216 [ 6 ]. 2006 AIR SCW 2543 [ 7 ]. 1992 (4) SCC 305 [ 8 ]. AIR 1944 PC 18 [ 9 ]. 1977 (4) SCC 451 [ 10 ]. 1992Supp(1)SCC335 [ 11 ]. ( 1992 Supp. 1) SCC 335) [ 12 ]. (AIR 1998 SC 128) [ 13 ]. (2004 CrLJ 3567) [ 14 ]. .[Tulsamma v. Jagannath, 2004 Cri. L. J. 4272]State of Kerala v. Vijayan, 1985(1) CRIMES 261] [ 15 ]. .[Madhavi v. Thupran, 1987 (1) KLT 488] [ 16 ]. [1973 Cri. L. J. 1288] [ 17 ]. (Shiv Sagar Tiwari Vs. Union of India 1996 (6) SCC 558) [ 18 ]. Ganesh Narayan Hegde Vs. S. Bangarappa & Ors. , (1995) 4 SCC 41 [ 19 ]. AIR 2005 SC 9 [ 20 ]. Basu, D D, Criminal procedure code, 1973 , 441 [ 21 ]. AIR 1972 SC 484 [ 22 ]. (1944) 71 Ind. App. 203.